Biodiesel Production from Amygdalus scoparia Using KOH/Al2O3 Catalyst: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

The transesterification of Amygdalus scoparia oil to biodiesel was performed and examined through the electrolysis method in presence KOH/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. A solid base prepared impregnation Al2O3 with KOH solution (concentration 25g 100 mL deionized water). analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). key variables such reaction time, methanol molar ratio, weight were optimized by applying central composite design (CCD) approach. maximum yield 94% obtained ratio 10:1, 1.6 wt/v%, voltage 10 V, time 2.30 h, wt% acetone temperature (25 ᵒC). characterizations specified gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses.